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Rolex - Wikipedia. Rolex SAPrivately held company. Industry. Watch manufacturing. Founded. London, United Kingdom(1. Founder. Headquarters. Geneva, Switzerland.
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Rolex SA (/ ˈ r oʊ l ɛ k s /) is a Swiss luxury watchmaker. The company and its subsidiary Montres Tudor SA design, manufacture, distribute and service.
Datejust IIDatejust 4. Daytona. Explorer IIExplorer. GMT Master. GMT- Master IILady- Datejust. Milgauss. Oyster Perpetual. Pearlmaster. Sea- Dweller.
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Sky- Dweller. Submariner. Yacht- Master. Yacht- Master IIProduction output. COSC movements (2. Services. Revenue US$4. Owner. Wilsdorf Foundation.
Number of employees. Subsidiaries. Montres Tudor SAWebsitewww. Excess Flesh Full Movie In English.
Rolex SA () is a Swiss luxury watchmaker. The company and its subsidiary Montres Tudor SA design, manufacture, distribute and service wristwatches sold under the Rolex and Tudor brands. Founded by Hans Wilsdorf and Alfred Davis in London, England in 1. Wilsdorf and Davis, Rolex moved its base of operations to Geneva, Switzerland in 1. Forbes ranked Rolex 6. Rolex is the largest single luxury watch brand, producing about 2,0. The company is owned by the Hans Wilsdorf Foundation, a family private trust which does not pay corporate tax.
History[edit]Alfred Davis and his brother- in- law Hans Wilsdorf founded Wilsdorf and Davis, the company that would eventually become Rolex SA, in London, England in 1. Wilsdorf and Davis' main commercial activity at the time involved importing Hermann Aegler's Swiss movements to England and placing them in high- quality watch cases made by Dennison and others.
These early wristwatches were sold to jewellers, who then put their own names on the dial. The earliest watches from Wilsdorf and Davis were usually hallmarked "W& D" inside the caseback.
In 1. 90. 8[5] Wilsdorf registered the trademark "Rolex" and opened an office in La Chaux- de- Fonds, Switzerland.[4] The company name "Rolex" was registered on 1. November 1. 91. 5. The book The Best of Time: Rolex Wristwatches: An Unauthorized History by Jeffrey P. Hess and James Dowling says that the name was just made up.[6] One story, never confirmed by Wilsdorf, recounts that the name came from the French phrase horlogerie exquise, meaning "exquisite clockwork"[7] or as a contraction of "horological excellence". Wilsdorf was said[by whom?] to want his watch brand's name to be easily pronounceable in any language.[8] He also thought that the name "Rolex" was onomatopoeic, sounding like a watch being wound.
It is easily pronounceable in many languages and, as all its upper- case letters have the same size, can be written symmetrically. It was also short enough to fit on the face of a watch.[8]In 1. Kew Observatory awarded a Rolex watch a Class A precision certificate, a distinction normally granted exclusively to marine chronometers.[8]In 1.
Wilsdorf left England due to wartime taxes levied on luxury imports as well as to export duties on the silver and gold used for the watch cases driving costs too high[7] and moved the company to Geneva, Switzerland, where it was established as the Rolex Watch Company. Its name was later changed to Montres Rolex, SA and finally Rolex, SA.[4] Upon the death of his wife in 1. Wilsdorf established the Hans Wilsdorf Foundation, a private trust, in which he left all of his Rolex shares, making sure that some of the company's income would go to charity.
Wilsdorf died in 1. In December 2. 00. Chief Executive Patrick Heiniger for "personal reasons", the company denied that it had lost 1 billion Swiss francs (approx £5. Bernard Madoff, the American asset manager who pleaded guilty to an approximately £3. Ponzi scheme fraud.[9] Rolex SA announced Heiniger's death on 5 March 2. As of 2. 01. 7[update] Rolex watches continue to have a reputation as status symbols.[1.
According to the 2. Brand Z report, the brand value is estimated $8.
Innovations[edit]Among the company's innovations are: Automatic movements[edit]The first self- winding Rolex wristwatch was offered to the public in 1. Harwood which patented the design in 1.
This not only made watch- winding unnecessary, but kept the power from the mainspring more consistent resulting in more reliable time keeping. Quartz movements[edit]Rolex participated in the development of the original quartz watch movements. Although Rolex has made very few quartz models for its Oyster line, the company's engineers were instrumental in design and implementation of the technology during the late 1. In 1. 96. 8, Rolex collaborated with a consortium of 1. Swiss watch manufacturers to develop the Beta 2. Rolex Quartz Date 5.
Omega Electroquartz watches. Within about five years of research, design, and development, Rolex created the "clean- slate" 5. Rolex Oysterquartz.[1. Water- resistant cases[edit]Rolex was also the second watch company to create a water resistant wristwatch that could withstand pressure to a depth of 3. Wilsdorf even had a specially made Rolex watch (the watch was called the "Deep.
Sea") attached to the side of Trieste, which went to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The watch survived and tested as having kept perfect time during its descent and ascent. This was confirmed by a telegram sent to Rolex the following day saying "Am happy to confirm that even at 1. Best regards, Jacques Piccard".[7]Collections[edit]Rolex produced specific models suitable for the extremes of deep- sea diving, caving, mountain climbing, polar exploration, and aviation. Early sports models included the Rolex Submariner (1. Rolex Oyster Perpetual Date Sea Dweller.
The latter watch has a helium release valve, co- invented with Swiss watchmaker Doxa, to release helium gas build- up during decompression. The Explorer (1. 95. Explorer II (1. 97.
Mount Everest expeditions. Another iconic model is the Rolex GMT Master (1.
Pan Am Airways to provide its crews with a dual time watch that could be used to display GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), which was the international time standard for aviation at that time and was needed for Astronavigation during longer flights.[7]Certified chronometers[edit]Rolex is the largest manufacturer of Swiss made certified chronometers. In 2. 00. 5, more than half the annual production of COSC certified watches were Rolexes.[1. To date, Rolex still holds the record for the most certified chronometer movements in the category of wristwatches.[7]Ceramic bezels[edit]Rolex first used its "Cerachrom" ceramic bezel on the GMT- Master II in 2. They are available on the Submariner, Sea Dweller, Deepsea, GMT Master II and Daytona models. In contrast to the aluminum bezel which it replaced, the ceramic bezel color does not wear out from explosure to UV- light and is very scratch resistant.[2. Wristwatch Tudor Prince Date Day, Ref.: 7.
Rolex SA offers products under the Rolex and Tudor brands. Montres Tudor SA has designed, manufactured and marketed Tudor watches since 6 March 1. Rolex founder Hans Wildorf conceived of the Tudor Watch Company to create a product for authorized Rolex dealers to sell that offered the reliability and dependability of a Rolex, but at a lower price.[2. The number of Rolex watches was limited by the rate that they could produce in- house Rolex movements, thus Tudor watches were originally equipped with off- the- shelf movements while using similar quality cases and bracelets.[2. Historically, Tudor watches have been manufactured by Montres Tudor SA using movements supplied by ETA SA.
Since 2. 01. 5 however, Tudor has begun to manufacture watches with in- house movements. The first model introduced with a in- house movement was the Tudor North Flag. Following this, updated versions of the Tudor Pelagos and Tudor Heritage Black Bay have also been fitted with an in- house caliber.[2.
Tudor watches are marketed and sold in most countries around the world including the United States, Australia, Canada, India, Mexico, South Africa, some countries in Europe including the UK, South Asia, the Middle East and countries in South America, particularly Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela.
Stalag Luft III - Wikipedia. Stalag Luft III (German: Stammlager Luft III; literally "Main Camp, Air, III"; SL III) was a Luftwaffe- run prisoner of war (POW) camp during World War II, which held captured Western Alliedair force personnel. The Stalag was established in March 1. Germanprovince of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań, Poland), 1. Berlin. The site was selected because its sandy soil made it difficult for POWs to escape by tunnelling.
It is best known for two escape plots by Allied POWs. The camp was liberated by Soviet forces in January 1. Camp life 1. 94. 2–4. The German military followed a practice whereby the different branches of the military were responsible for all POWs of equivalent branches.
Hence the Luftwaffe was normally responsible for any Allied aircrew taken prisoner. This included captured naval aviators, such as members of the British Fleet Air Arm. In a few cases, other non- air force personnel were also held at Stalag Luft III. Stammlager Luft (literally "Main Camp, Air") was Luftwaffe nomenclature for a POW camp. While the camp initially held only POWs who were officers, it was not known by the usual terms for such camps – Offizier Lager or Oflag. Watch Arlen Faber Online Fandango. And later camp expansions added compounds for non- commissioned officers (NCOs). The first compound (East Compound) of the camp was completed and opened on 2.
March 1. 94. 2. The first POWs, or kriegies, as they called themselves (from Kriegsgefangene), to be housed at Stalag Luft III were British and other Commonwealth officers, arriving in April 1. The Centre compound was opened on 1. April 1. 94. 2 and originally held British and other Commonwealth NCOs; by the end of 1. USAAF personnel. The North Compound for British airmen, (where the "Great Escape" later occurred) opened on 2. March 1. 94. 3. A South Compound for Americans was opened in September 1.
USAAF prisoners began arriving at the camp in significant numbers the following month and the West Compound was opened in July 1. U. S. officers. Each compound consisted of fifteen single story huts. Each 3. 0- by- 3. Eventually the camp grew to approximately 2. Royal Air Force officers, about 7,5. U. S. Army Air Forces, and about 9.
Allied air forces, for a total of 1. The prison camp had a number of design features that made escape extremely difficult. The digging of escape tunnels, in particular, was discouraged by several factors: the barracks housing the prisoners were raised approximately 6.
The loose, collapsible sand meant the structural integrity of any tunnel would be very poor. A third defence against tunnelling was the placement of seismograph microphones around the perimeter of the camp, which were expected to detect any sounds of digging. A substantial library with schooling facilities was available, where many POWs earned degrees such as languages, engineering or law. The exams were supplied by the Red Cross and supervised by academics such as a Master of King's College who was a POW in Luft III.
The prisoners also built a theatre and put on high- quality bi- weekly performances featuring all the current West End shows.[3] The prisoners used the camp amplifier to broadcast a news and music radio station they named Station KRGY, short for Kriegsgefangener (POWs) and also published two newspapers, the Circuit and the Kriegie Times, which were issued four times a week.[4]POWs operated a system whereby newcomers to the camp were vetted, to prevent German agents from infiltrating their ranks. Any POW who could not be vouched for by two POWs who knew the prisoner by sight was severely interrogated and afterwards escorted continually by other prisoners, until such time as he was deemed to be a genuine Allied POW. Several infiltrators were discovered by this method and none is known to have escaped detection in Luft III.[citation needed]The German guards were referred to by POWs as "Goons" and, unaware of the Allied connotation, willingly accepted the nickname after being told it stood for "German Officer Or Non- Com".[5] German guards were followed everywhere they went by prisoners, who used an elaborate system of signals to warn others of their location. The guards' movements were then carefully recorded in a logbook kept by a rota of officers.
Unable to stop what the prisoners called the "Duty Pilot" system, the Germans allowed it to continue and on one occasion the book was used by Kommandant von Lindeiner to bring charges against two guards who had slunk away from duty several hours early.[6]The camp's 8. Luftwaffe guards were either too old for combat duty or young men convalescing after long tours of duty or from wounds. Because the guards were Luftwaffe personnel, the prisoners were accorded far better treatment than that granted to other POWs in Germany.[4] Deputy Commandant Major Gustav Simoleit, a professor of history, geography and ethnology before the war, spoke several languages, including English, Russian, Polish and Czech. Transferred to Sagan in early 1. Ignoring the ban[citation needed] against extending military courtesies to POWs, he provided full military honours for Luft III POW funerals, including one for a Jewish airman.[7]Food was an ongoing matter of concern for the POWs.
The recommended dietary intake for a normal healthy inactive adult male is 2,1. Luft III issued "Non- working" German civilian rations which allowed 1,9. J) per day, with the balance made up from American, Canadian, and British Red Cross parcels and items sent to the POWs by their families.[4][9] As was customary at most camps, Red Cross and individual parcels were pooled and distributed to the men equally. The camp also had an official internal bartering system called a Foodacco – POWs marketed surplus goods for "points" that could be "spent" on other items.[1.
The Germans paid captured officers the equivalent of their pay in internal camp currency (lagergeld), which was used to buy what goods were made available by the German administration. Every three months, weak beer was made available in the canteen for sale. As NCOs did not receive any "pay" it was the usual practice in camps for the officers to provide one- third for their use but at Luft III all lagergeld was pooled for communal purchases. As British government policy was to deduct camp pay from the prisoners' military pay, the communal pool avoided the practice in other camps whereby American officers contributed to British canteen purchases.[4]Stalag Luft III had the best- organised recreational program of any POW camp in Germany.
Each compound had athletic fields and volleyball courts. The prisoners participated in basketball, softball, boxing, touch football, volleyball, table tennis and fencing, with leagues organised for most. A 6. 1 m × 6. 7 m × 1.
Many amenities were made possible by Swedish lawyer Henry Söderberg,[1. YMCA representative to the area, and frequently brought to its camps not only sports equipment, and religious items supporting the work of chaplains, but also the wherewithal for each camp's band and orchestra, and well- equipped library.[1. The first escape occurred in October 1. East Compound. Conjuring up a modern Trojan Horse, kriegies (prisoners) constructed a gymnasticvaulting horse largely from plywood from Red Cross parcels. The horse was designed to conceal men, tools and containers of soil. Each day the horse was carried out to the same spot near the perimeter fence and while prisoners conducted gymnastic exercises above, a tunnel was dug.
At the end of each working day, a wooden board was placed over the tunnel entrance and covered with surface soil. The gymnastics disguised the real purpose of the vaulting horse and kept the sound of the digging from being detected by the microphones. For three months three prisoners, Lieutenant Michael Codner, Flight Lieutenant Eric Williams and Flight Lieutenant Oliver Philpot, in shifts of one or two diggers at a time, dug over 3. No shoring was used except near the entrance. On the evening of 1.