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Meditation - Wikipedia. For bodily positions applied during yoga, see Asana. Meditation is a practice where an individual operates or trains the mind or induces a mode of consciousness, either to realize some benefit or for the mind to simply acknowledge its content without becoming identified with that content,[1] or as an end in itself.[2]The term meditation refers to a broad variety of practices that includes techniques designed to promote relaxation, build internal energy or life force (qi, ki, prana, etc.) and develop compassion,[3] love, patience, generosity, and forgiveness. A particularly ambitious form of meditation aims at effortlessly sustained single- pointed concentration[4] meant to enable its practitioner to enjoy an indestructible sense of well- being while engaging in any life activity. The word meditation carries different meanings in different contexts. Meditation has been practiced since antiquity as a component of numerous religious traditions and beliefs.[5] Meditation often involves an internal effort to self- regulate the mind in some way.

Meditation is often used to clear the mind and ease many health concerns, such as high blood pressure,[6]depression, and anxiety. It may be done sitting, or in an active way—for instance, Buddhist monks involve awareness in their day- to- day activities as a form of mind- training. Prayer beads or other ritual objects are commonly used during meditation in order to keep track of or remind the practitioner about some aspect of that training. Meditation may involve generating an emotional state for the purpose of analyzing that state—such as anger, hatred, etc.—or cultivating a particular mental response to various phenomena, such as compassion.[7][8][9] The term "meditation" can refer to the state itself, as well as to practices or techniques employed to cultivate the state.[1. Meditation may also involve repeating a mantra and closing the eyes.[1. The mantra is chosen based on its suitability to the individual meditator. Meditation has a calming effect and directs awareness inward until pure awareness is achieved, described as "being awake inside without being aware of anything except awareness itself."[1.

In brief, there are dozens of specific styles of meditation practice, and many different types of activity commonly referred to as meditative practices.[1. Etymology[edit]The English meditation is derived from the Latinmeditatio, from a verb meditari, meaning "to think, contemplate, devise, ponder".[1. In the Old Testament, hāgâ (Hebrew: הגה) means to sigh or murmur, and also, to meditate.[1. When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek, hāgâ became the Greek melete. The Latin Bible then translated hāgâ/melete into meditatio.[1. The use of the term meditatio as part of a formal, stepwise process of meditation goes back to the 1.

Guigo II.[1. 7]Apart from its historical usage, the term meditation was introduced as a translation for Eastern spiritual practices, referred to as dhyānain Buddhism and in Hinduism, which comes from the Sanskrit root dhyai, meaning to contemplate or meditate.[1. The term "meditation" in English may also refer to practices from Islamic Sufism,[1. Jewish Kabbalah and Christian Hesychasm.[2.

An edited book about "meditation" published in 2. Hindu, Buddhist, Taoist, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions.[2. Scholars have noted that "the term 'meditation' as it has entered contemporary usage" is parallel to the term "contemplation" in Christianity,[2. Christian, Judaic, and Islamic forms of meditation are typically devotional, scriptural or thematic, while Asian forms of meditation are often more purely technical.[2. History[edit]The history of meditation is intimately bound up with the religious context within which it was practiced.[2.

Kilauea; Mount Etna; Mount Yasur; Mount Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira; Piton de la Fournaise; Erta Ale.

Some authors have even suggested the hypothesis that the emergence of the capacity for focused attention, an element of many methods of meditation,[2. Some of the earliest references to meditation are found in the Hindu. Vedas of India.[2. Wilson translates the most famous Vedic mantra "Gayatri" as: "We meditate on that desirable light of the divine Savitri, who influences our pious rites" (Rigveda : Mandala- 3, Sukta- 6. Rcha- 1. 0). Around the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, other forms of meditation developed via Confucianism and Taoism in China as well as Hinduism, Jainism, and early Buddhism in Nepal and India.[2.

In the west, by 2. BCE Philo of Alexandria had written on some form of "spiritual exercises" involving attention (prosoche) and concentration[2. Plotinus had developed meditative techniques. The Pāli Canon, which dates to 1st century BCE considers Indian Buddhist meditation as a step towards liberation.[2. By the time Buddhism was spreading in China, the Vimalakirti Sutra which dates to 1.

CE included a number of passages on meditation, clearly pointing to Zen (known as Chan in China, Thiền in Vietnam, and Seon in Korea).[3. The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism introduced meditation to other Asian countries, and in 6. Singapore.[3. 1] Returning from China around 1. Dōgen wrote the instructions for zazen.[3. The Islamic practice of Dhikr had involved the repetition of the 9.

Names of God since the 8th or 9th century.[3. By the 1. 2th century, the practice of Sufism included specific meditative techniques, and its followers practiced breathing controls and the repetition of holy words.[3.

Interactions with Indians, Nepalese or the Sufis may have influenced the Eastern Christian meditation approach to hesychasm, but this can not be proved.[3. Between the 1. 0th and 1. Mount Athos in Greece, and involves the repetition of the Jesus prayer.[3. Western Christian meditation contrasts with most other approaches in that it does not involve the repetition of any phrase or action and requires no specific posture.

Western Christian meditation progressed from the 6th century practice of Bible reading among Benedictine monks called Lectio Divina, i. Its four formal steps as a "ladder" were defined by the monk Guigo II in the 1. Latin terms lectio, meditatio, oratio, and contemplatio (i. Western Christian meditation was further developed by saints such as Ignatius of Loyola and Teresa of Avila in the 1.

Secular forms of meditation were introduced in India in the 1. Westernized form of Hindu meditative techniques and arrived in Australia in the late 1. United States and Europe in the 1. Rather than focusing on spiritual growth, secular meditation emphasizes stress reduction, relaxation and self- improvement.[2.