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Mandaeans - Wikipedia. This article is about the Middle Eastern ethno- religious group. For the Gnostic religious belief, see Mandaeism.
Mandaeans. Mandeyānāye. Mandeans praying in Ahvaz, Iran, 2.
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Total population. Regions with significant populations Iraq. Iran. 5,0. 00 to 1. Jordan. 49 families[1] Syria.
Mandaeans (Arabic: الصابئة المندائيون , translit. aṣ-Ṣābi'a al-Mandā'iyūn ) are an ethnoreligious group indigenous to the alluvial plain. YGOPRO Forum - Discuss everything related to ygopro. Lots and lots of decks for you to download! - These are updated decks from about may 2013 to July 2013. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get.
Sweden. 8,5. 00[5] Australia. Netherlands. 3,5. United Kingdom. 1,0. Canada. 1,5. 00[7] Germany. Denmark. 65. 0[1. Indonesia. 23[1. 2] United States.
Religions. Mandaeism. Scriptures. Ginza Rba, Qolusta. Languages. Mandaicas liturgical language. Neo- Mandaic, Arabic and Persian. Mandaeans (Arabic: الصابئة المندائيون, translit. aṣ- Ṣābi'a al- Mandā'iyūn) are an ethnoreligious groupindigenous to the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia and are followers of Mandaeism, a Gnostic religion. The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of Mandaic, a Semitic language that evolved from Eastern Middle Aramaic, before many switched to colloquial Iraqi Arabic and Modern Persian.
Mandaic is mainly preserved as a liturgical language. In the aftermath of the Iraq War of 2.
Mandaic community of Iraq, which used to number 6. Iran, Syria and Jordan, or formed diaspora communities beyond the Middle East. The other indigenous community of Iranian Mandaeans has also been dwindling as a result of religious persecution over that decade.[4]History[edit]There are several indications of the ultimate origin of the Mandaeans.
Early religious concepts and terminologies recur in the Dead Sea Scrolls, and "Jordan" has been the name of every baptismal water in Mandaeism.[1. The Mandaic language is a dialect of southeastern Aramaic and is closely related to the language of the Babylonian Talmud. There is archaeological evidence that attests to the Mandaean presence in pre- Islamic Iraq. The vehement polemics against the Jews in Mandaean literature, in which Moses is a false prophet and Adonai (one of the names used in the Jewish bible) is an evil god makes the idea of a Jewish origin implausible.[1. The Mandaeans abhor the Jewish practice of circumcision.
There are fewer indications of a relation between early Christians and Mandaeans, which make the connection more problematic. Some scholars, including Kurt Rudolph connect the early Mandaeans with the Jewish sect of the Nasoraeans.[1. The Mandaean religion originated in Mesopotamia. It appears that Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, was partly influenced by the Mandaeans. The Mandaeans had hostile relations with the Babylonian.
Jews.[1. 3]Early Persian periods[edit]A number of ancient Aramaic inscriptions dating back to the 2nd century CE were uncovered in Elymais. Although the letters appear quite similar to the Mandaean ones, it is doubtful whether the inhabitants of Elymais were Mandaeans.[1. Under Parthian and early Sasanian rule, foreign religions were tolerated. The situation changed by the ascension of Bahram I in 2. Zoroastrian high priest Kartir persecuted all non- Zoroastrian religions. It is thought that this persecution encouraged the consolidation of Mandaean religious literature.[1. The persecutions instigated by Kartir seems to temporarily erase Mandaeans from recorded history.
Traces of their presence can still however be found in the so- called Mandaean magical bowls and lead strips which were produced from the 3rd to the 7th centuries.[1. Islamic Caliphates[edit]The Mandaeans re- appear at the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia, when their "head of the people" Anush son of Danqa appears before Muslim authorities showing them a copy of the Ginza Rabba, the Mandaean holy book, and proclaiming the chief Mandaean prophet to be John the Baptist, who is also mentioned in the Quran. The connection with the Quranic Sabians provided them acknowledgement as People of the Book, a legal minority religion within the Muslim Empire.
They appear to have flourished during the early Islamic period, as attested by the voluminous expansion of Mandaic literature and canons. Tib near Wasit is particularly noted as an important scribal centre.[1. Yaqut al- Hamawi describes Tib as a town inhabited by Nabatean (i. Aramaic speaking) Sabians who consider themselves to be descendants of Seth son of Adam.[1. The status of the Mandaeans became an issue for the Abbasidal- Qahir Billah. To avoid further investigation by the authorities, the Mandaeans paid a bribe of 5. It appears that the Mandaeans were even exempt from paying the Jizya, otherwise imposed upon non- Muslims.[1.
Late Persian and Ottoman periods[edit]Early contact with Europeans came about in the mid- 1. Portuguese missionaries encountered Mandaeans in Southern Iraq and controversially designated them "Christians of St. John". In the next centuries Europeans became more acquainted with the Mandaeans and their religion.[1. The Mandaeans suffered persecution under the Qajar rule in the 1. The dwindling community was threatened with complete annihilation, when a cholera epidemic broke out in Shushtar and half of its inhabitants died. The entire Mandaean priesthood perished and Mandeism was restored due only to the efforts of few learned men such as Yahia Bihram.[1. Another danger threatened the community in 1.
Shushtar massacred the Mandaeans against the will of the Shah.[1. As a result of these events the Mandaeans retired to the more inaccessible Central Marshes of Iraq. Modern Iraq and Iran[edit]Following the First World War, the Mandaeans were still largely living in rural areas in the lower parts of British protected Iraq and Iran. Owing to the rise of Arab nationalism, Mandaeans were Arabised at an accelerated rate, especially during the 1. The Mandaeans were also forced to abandon their stands on the cutting of hair and forced military service, which are strictly prohibited in Mandaenism.[1.
The 2. 00. 3 Iraq War brought more troubles to the Mandaeans, as the security situation deteriorated. Many members of the Mandaean community, who were known as goldsmiths, were targeted by criminal gangs for ransoms. The rise of Islamic Extremism forced thousands to flee the country, after they were given the choice of conversion or death.[2. It is estimated that around 9. Iraqi Mandaeans were either killed or have fled after the American- led invasion.[2. The Mandaeans of Iran lived chiefly in Ahvaz, Iranian Khuzestan, but have moved as a result of the Iraq- Iran War to other cities such as Tehran, Karaj and Shiraz.
The Mandaeans, who were traditionally considered as People of the Book (members of a protected religion under Islamic rule) lost this status after the Islamic Revolution. Local authorities in Iranian Islamic Republic are known to encourage harassment and persecution of the Mandaeans.[2. Population[edit]Mandaeans in Iraq[edit]Pre- Iraq War, The Iraqi Mandaean community was centered in Baghdad. The Mandeans originate, however, from southern Iraq in cities like Nasiriyah. Many also live across the border in Southwestern Iran in the cities of Ahvaz and Khorramshahr.[2.
Mandaean emigration from Iraq began during Saddam Hussein's rule, but accelerated greatly after the American- led invasion and subsequent occupation.[2. Since the invasion Mandaeans, like other Iraqi ethno- religious minorities (such as Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidi, Roma and Shabaks), have been subjected to violence, including murders, kidnappings, rapes, evictions, and forced conversions.[2. Mandaeans, like many other Iraqis, have also been targeted for kidnapping since many worked as goldsmiths.[2.
Mandaeism is pacifistic and forbids its adherents from carrying weapons.[2. Many Iraqi Mandaeans have fled the country in the face of this violence, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction.[2. Out of the over 6. Mandaeans in Iraq in the early 1. Iraqi Mandaeans were refugees in Syria and Jordan as a result of the Iraq War. Iranian Mandaeans[edit]The number of Iranian Mandaeans is a matter of dispute. In 2. 00. 9, there were an estimated 5,0.
Mandaeans in Iran, according to the Associated Press.[4] Whereas Alarabiya has put the number of Iranian Mandaeans as high as 6.